Easy2Siksha
GNDU Question Paper-2022
B.A 1
st
Semester
ENGLISH (Compulsory)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 50
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1.(A) Put the Verb into the correct form, Past Continuous or Past Simple:
"(1) We were in a very difficult position.
We __________ (not/know) what to do.
(2) 'What _______ (you/do) at this time yesterday?"
'I was asleep'.
(B) Put the Verb in correct form, Present Simple or Present Continuous:
(1) Don't put the dictionary away ________ (I/use) it.
(2) Don't put the dictionary away________ (1/need) it.
(3) Who is that man? What ________ (he/want)?
(4) Who's that man? Why ________ (he/look) at us ?
(C) Write sentences with supposed to + the following verbs:
block, depart, park, phone, start
Use the negative (not supposed to) where necessary:
(1) My flight _____ at 11.30, but it was an hour late.
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(2) We______ work at 8.15, but we rarely do anything before 8.30
(3) Oh, I ______ Helen last night, but I completely forgot.
(4) This door is a fire exit. You______ it.
II. (A) Complete the sentences with can/can't/could/ couldn't + the following:
wait, speak, eat, run, hear, come
(1) _______ you speak a little louder ? I ______ you very well.
(2) When Dan was 16, he hundred_________ meters in 11 seconds.
(3) I am afraid I________ to your party next week.
(4) Are you in a hurry? No, I've got plenty of time. I ________
(B) Put in must or can't:
(1) You got here very quickly. You__________ have walked very fast.
(2) Bill and Sue always stay at luxury hotels, so they__________ be short of money.
(3) I am sure I gave you the key. You______ have it. Have you looked in your bag?
(C) Complete the sentences with use(d) to + a suitable verb:
(1) I rarely eat ice-cream now, but I________ it when I was a child.
(2) Jackie ________ my best friend, but we aren't good friends any more.
(3) We moved to Spain a few years ago. We ________ in Paris.
SECTION-B
III. (A) Write a paragraph on any One of the following topics:
(1) Balanced Diet
(2) Noise Pollution.
(B) Complete each sentence with a verb (one or two words):
(1) Sarah knows a lot about films. She must _________to the cinema a lot
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(2) Their house is very near the motorway. It must _________ very noisy.
(3) I didn't hear the phone ring. I must ________ asleep.
(C) Put in when or if:
(1) We can eat at home or __________ your prefer, we can go to restaurant.
(2) I am going to Rome next week. ___________ I am there, I hope to visit a friend of mine. I
am there, I hope to
(3) _________ I don't see you tomorrow when will I see you again
(4) I am going away for a few days. I'll call you________ I get back.
IV. (A) Write a paragraph on any one of the following topics:
(1) Technology and Education
(2) Youth Power.
(B) Put the verb into correct form:
(1) I'd be very scared if somebody ________ (point) a gun at me.
(2) Don't lend Amy your car. If she._______ (ask) me, I wouldn't lend her mine
(3) If the computer factory closed down, many people________ (lose) their jobs.
(4) I don't think Gary and Emma will get married. I ______ (be) amazed if they did.
(5) I can't afford to buy a car. If I ______ (buy) a car . I'd have to borrow the money.
SECTION-C
V. Write a character sketch of Iona Potapov.
VI. Write an essay on criticism of social system and social customs in the story The Shroud.
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SECTION-D
VII. What common points between the miser and the spendthrift does the author point
out?
VIII. What does the declaration say about marriage and family?
GNDU Answer Paper-2022
B.A 1
st
Semester
ENGLISH (Compulsory)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 50
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1.(A) Put the Verb into the correct form, Past Continuous or Past Simple:
"(1) We were in a very difficult position.
We __________ (not/know) what to do.
(2) 'What _______ (you/do) at this time yesterday?"
'I was asleep'.
Ans: (1). We were in a very difficult position.
We didn't know what to do. (Past Simple for a state in the past)
(2). "What were you doing at this time yesterday?"
"I was asleep." (Past Continuous asking about an ongoing action at a specific time in the
past)
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(B) Put the Verb in correct form, Present Simple or Present Continuous:
(1) Don't put the dictionary away ________ (I/use) it.
(2) Don't put the dictionary away________ (1/need) it.
(3) Who is that man? What ________ (he/want)?
(4) Who's that man? Why ________ (he/look) at us ?
Ans:( 1). Don't put the dictionary away I'm using it. (Present Continuous action
happening right now)
(2). Don't put the dictionary away I need it. (Present Simple expressing a general need
or state)
(3). Who is that man? What does he want? (Present Simple asking about someone's
intention or desire)
(4). Who's that man? Why is he looking at us? (Present Continuous action happening at
the moment)
(C) Write sentences with supposed to + the following verbs:
block, depart, park, phone, start
Use the negative (not supposed to) where necessary:
(1) My flight _____ at 11.30, but it was an hour late.
(2) We______ work at 8.15, but we rarely do anything before 8.30
(3) Oh, I ______ Helen last night, but I completely forgot.
(4) This door is a fire exit. You______ it.
Ans: 1 .My flight was supposed to depart at 11.30, but it was an hour late.
2. We are supposed to start work at 8.15, but we rarely do anything before 8.30.
3. Oh, I was supposed to phone Helen last night, but I completely forgot.
4. This door is a fire exit. You are not supposed to block it.
II. (A) Complete the sentences with can/can't/could/ couldn't + the following:
wait, speak, eat, run, hear, come
(1) _______ you speak a little louder ? I ______ you very well.
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(2) When Dan was 16, he hundred_________ meters in 11 seconds.
(3) I am afraid I________ to your party next week.
(4) Are you in a hurry? No, I've got plenty of time. I ________
Ans: (1) Can you speak a little louder? I cant hear you very well.
(2) When Dan was 16, he could run 100 meters in 11 seconds.
(3) I am afraid I cant come to your party next week.
(4) Are you in a hurry? No, Ive got plenty of time. I can wait.
(B) Put in must or can't:
(1) You got here very quickly. You__________ have walked very fast.
(2) Bill and Sue always stay at luxury hotels, so they__________ be short of money.
(3) I am sure I gave you the key. You______ have it. Have you looked in your bag?
Ans: (1) You got here very quickly. You must have walked very fast.
(2) Bill and Sue always stay at luxury hotels, so they can't be short of money.
(3) I am sure I gave you the key. You must have it. Have you looked in your bag?
(C) Complete the sentences with use(d) to + a suitable verb:
(1) I rarely eat ice-cream now, but I________ it when I was a child.
(2) Jackie ________ my best friend, but we aren't good friends any more.
(3) We moved to Spain a few years ago. We ________ in Paris.
Ans: (1) I rarely eat ice-cream now, but I used to eat it when I was a child.
(2) Jackie used to be my best friend, but we aren't good friends any more.
(3) We moved to Spain a few years ago. We used to live in Paris.
SECTION-B
III. (A) Write a paragraph on any One of the following topics:
(1) Balanced Diet
(2) Noise Pollution.
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Ans: So when we talk about a balanced diet, were basically talking about eating the right
kinds of food in the right amounts so that our body gets everything it needs to stay healthy
and function properly. Its not just about eating less or cutting carbs or skipping meals
thats where a lot of people get it wrong. A balanced diet is about balance, like the name
says. Its about making sure were not missing out on any of the important nutrients our
body needs, like proteins, carbs, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and fiber.
Now, think about it like this our body is kind of like a machine, and food is the fuel. If we
keep putting in only one type of fuel, or worse, junk fuel, the machine wont work right.
Same goes for us. If all someone eats is fast food or only snacks on chips and cola all day,
sure theyll survive, but after a while, theyll start feeling tired, weak, maybe gain too much
weight or even fall sick more often. Thats because their bodys not getting the proper fuel it
needs to keep everything running smoothly from the brain to the heart to the skin and
everything in between.
A balanced diet usually includes a mix of the major food groups: carbohydrates (like rice,
chapati, bread, potatoes), proteins (like eggs, meat, dal, paneer, or even soya), healthy fats
(from nuts, seeds, fish, or even small amounts of oil), along with fruits and vegetables.
Water is super important too a lot of us dont drink enough of it, especially during exam
time or winter, but staying hydrated affects everything from energy levels to digestion.
One thing Ive personally noticed is how much better I feel when I eat properly. Like, when I
eat breakfast with eggs or fruits, I feel more active in the morning lectures. But on days I
skip breakfast or just have tea and biscuits, Im usually half-asleep by second period. That
just goes to show how real the effects of food are. Its not just about eating to fill your
stomach its about eating to give your brain and body what they need.
Also, its kind of wild how our food habits are shaped by our environment. In Indian
households, we usually have dal, rice, sabzi, roti which honestly is a pretty balanced plate
if you think about it. But whats changed over time is the increase in packaged and
processed foods. Maggi, chips, soft drinks all these things are fine once in a while, but if
they become your daily diet, then the balance goes totally off. These foods are often high in
salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats, and dont really give the nutrients your body needs.
Another thing people forget is that everyones balanced diet can look a little different. Like,
someone whos an athlete will need more proteins and energy than someone whos not
very active. Growing kids, elderly people, pregnant women all have different dietary
needs. Even for students like us, the diet we follow during exams might need to be different
more brain food like nuts, fruits, and enough water because were under stress and
studying for long hours.
But yeah, its not about being super strict either. I mean, its okay to eat your favorite
biryani or have ice cream once in a while. What matters is that you dont make that your
everyday habit. It's more about consistency than perfection. Try including a variety of foods,
dont skip meals (especially breakfast), and be mindful of how food makes you feel. If you're
tired all the time or falling sick too often, it might actually be because you're not eating
right.
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Schools and colleges could do a better job of promoting this too. Like, canteens usually
serve stuff like samosas, chowmein, or cold drinks. They taste great, no doubt, but if we had
more healthy options around say, fruit bowls or sprouts chaat more students might
actually choose better options without even thinking twice.
I also think social media plays a big role. Sometimes it's helpful, like seeing healthy recipe
reels and all, but other times it creates confusion. So many influencers promote these crazy
diets or "detox" routines that arent even balanced or healthy. People start skipping meals
or cutting out entire food groups because someone online said it helped them lose weight.
But thats not sustainable. A proper balanced diet is way better and safer in the long run.
In conclusion, a balanced diet is not just a fancy health term its something we should all
be practicing in real life. It helps in maintaining energy, focus, immunity, and even mood.
Especially for students, its super important because were constantly using our brains,
attending classes, writing papers, and dealing with stress. Eating right doesnt have to be
complicated just aim for variety, freshness, and moderation. And yeah, drink lots of water.
Youll feel the difference.
(2) Noise Pollution.
Ans: What is Noise Pollution?
Noise pollution refers to unwanted or harmful sounds in the environment that disturb
normal activities like sleeping, conversation, concentration, or work. Its like garbage, but in
the form of sound. While a little noise is part of daily life, excessive and continuous noise
becomes a problem thats when it turns into pollution.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines noise above 65 decibels (dB) as noise
pollution. For comparison:
A normal conversation is about 60 dB.
City traffic from inside a car is around 85 dB.
A rock concert or loud speaker can go up to 120 dB or more!
Sources of Noise Pollution
Lets look at where all this noise is coming from. Noise pollution can be divided into two
types of sources: natural and man-made. Natural sources (like thunderstorms or volcanic
eruptions) are rare and short-term. The real problem is man-made sources, which are
continuous and everywhere.
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1. Traffic and Transportation
This is the biggest culprit. Honking horns, engines, brakes, and crowded roads all contribute
to noise, especially in cities. Airports and railways also add to the problem with loud take-
offs, landings, and engine roars.
2. Construction Activities
In growing cities, construction is constant roads, buildings, bridges all involve heavy
machinery, drilling, and hammering. These sites create high decibel noise daily.
3. Industrial Noise
Factories and manufacturing units use heavy machines that produce loud sounds. These
noises often continue throughout the day and night and affect nearby residents and
workers.
4. Loudspeakers and Music Systems
Especially during festivals, weddings, political rallies, or protests, loudspeakers are used
irresponsibly, disturbing the peace of an entire neighborhood.
5. Household Gadgets
Even at home, items like TVs, music systems, vacuum cleaners, and washing machines
create noise, especially when many homes are close together like in apartments.
Effects of Noise Pollution
Noise pollution doesnt just annoy us it has real, harmful effects on our health, mind, and
even animals.
1. Effect on Human Health
Hearing Loss: Continuous exposure to high decibel sounds can damage our hearing
permanently.
Sleep Disorders: Noise interrupts sleep, which affects our mood, memory, and productivity.
Stress and Anxiety: Loud noise increases stress hormones in the body, causing irritability
and restlessness.
Heart Problems: Studies show a connection between noise pollution and increased blood
pressure, leading to heart diseases.
Lack of Concentration: Students and professionals find it hard to focus in noisy
environments.
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2. Effect on Animals and Nature
Wildlife is extremely sensitive to sounds. Loud human noises can disturb their
communication, feeding, and mating habits.
Birds may abandon their nests, and some animals may stop reproducing due to stress
caused by noise.
Underwater noise (like ship engines and sonar) affects marine animals like whales and
dolphins.
Noise Pollution in Cities vs. Rural Areas
Noise pollution is most serious in urban areas, where population, traffic, and construction
are constantly increasing. In contrast, rural areas are quieter, with fewer vehicles and
industries. But with increasing development, even small towns are facing this problem now.
Why is Noise Pollution Increasing?
Heres a story to understand this:
Twenty years ago, a town had a few cars, small markets, and open spaces. People traveled
on bicycles, spoke softly, and lived peacefully. But today, the same town has become a mini-
city full of vehicles, flyovers, shopping malls, construction sites, and traffic jams.
As human activity grows, so does noise. Population growth, urbanization, technological
advancement, and lack of awareness are key reasons for the rise in noise pollution.
How Can We Control Noise Pollution?
The good news is: Noise pollution is preventable. We just need better planning, stricter
laws, and more awareness.
1. Government Measures
Enforce noise control laws (e.g., banning loudspeakers after 10 PM).
Create silent zones near hospitals and schools.
Regular monitoring of noise levels in cities.
Use sound barriers on highways or flyovers.
2. Urban Planning
Design cities with green zones that reduce noise naturally.
Use noise-absorbing materials in construction.
Limit the construction timings to reduce disturbance.
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3. Individual Responsibility
Avoid unnecessary honking.
Keep the volume of TVs and music systems low.
Use headphones instead of loudspeakers.
Plant more trees, as they absorb sound and act as natural barriers.
Awareness is the Key
Think about this: we fight against water pollution and air pollution because we can see or
feel them. But noise pollution is invisible and that makes it more dangerous. We must
educate people, especially the younger generation, about the effects of noise and how to
reduce it.
Schools, colleges, and community centers should hold awareness campaigns, seminars, and
workshops about this growing threat.
Conclusion
Noise pollution is not just a problem of cities its a problem of our lifestyle. If we continue
to ignore it, were not only damaging our ears but also our health, peace of mind, and future
generations.
We cant avoid all noise, but we can control unnecessary and harmful noise through good
habits, laws, and collective effort. A quieter environment is a healthier one for us, for
animals, and for the planet.
(B) Complete each sentence with a verb (one or two words):
(1) Sarah knows a lot about films. She must _________to the cinema a lot
(2) Their house is very near the motorway. It must _________ very noisy.
(3) I didn't hear the phone ring. I must ________ asleep.
Ans: (1) Sarah knows a lot about films. She must go to the cinema a lot.
(2) Their house is very near the motorway. It must be very noisy.
(3) I didn't hear the phone ring. I must have been asleep.
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(C) Put in when or if:
(1) We can eat at home or __________ your prefer, we can go to restaurant.
(2) I am going to Rome next week. ___________ I am there, I hope to visit a friend of mine. I
am there, I hope to
(3) _________ I don't see you tomorrow when will I see you again
(4) I am going away for a few days. I'll call you________ I get back.
Ans: (1) We can eat at home or if you prefer, we can go to a restaurant.
(2) I am going to Rome next week. When I am there, I hope to visit a friend of mine.
(3) If I don't see you tomorrow, when will I see you again?
(4) I am going away for a few days. I'll call you when I get back.
IV. (A) Write a paragraph on any one of the following topics:
(1) Technology and Education
Ans: Imagine walking into a classroom where instead of chalk and blackboard, there are
smartboards and tablets. Where instead of heavy textbooks, students carry all their learning
materials in a tiny device. This is not science fictionthis is todays reality, all thanks to
technology in education.
Lets go on a small journey to understand how technology and education have come
together to create a powerful learning experience for students and teachers alike.
What Is Technology in Education?
Technology in education simply means the use of modern tools like computers, the internet,
smartphones, projectors, and software to help in teaching and learning. Earlier, students
had to go to the library for information, but now Google can provide answers in seconds.
Learning is no longer limited to the classroomit can happen anywhere, anytime.
How Has Technology Changed Learning?
1. Access to Information
Earlier, students had to rely only on textbooks and teachers. Now, websites, e-books,
YouTube videos, and online courses provide 24/7 access to any topic. Platforms like Khan
Academy, Coursera, and BYJUS have made learning easier and more engaging.
2. Smart Classrooms
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Many schools and colleges now use smartboards, projectors, and digital attendance
systems. Teachers can show animations, presentations, or educational videos to make
boring subjects interesting.
3. Online Learning
Due to platforms like Zoom, Google Meet, and Microsoft Teams, students can attend classes
even from home. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, online education became a
lifesaver for millions of students.
4. Self-Paced Learning
Every student learns differently. Some are fast learners, while others need time. Technology
allows students to pause, rewind, and replay lessons. They can also choose the topics they
want to study more deeply.
5. Interactive Tools
Apps and educational games like Duolingo (for languages) or Quizlet (for revision) make
learning fun. Students can test themselves through quizzes and interactive exercises.
Role of Teachers in Tech-Based Education
Some people think technology might replace teachers, but thats not true. In fact, teachers
are more important than ever. Technology helps them explain better, track students
progress, and create personalized learning experiences.
For example, a teacher can use an app to see which student is struggling with a topic and
give them extra help. They can also share assignments online and provide instant feedback.
Bridging Gaps Through Technology
Technology is helping students from rural and remote areas get the same quality education
as those in big cities. With just a smartphone and internet, a student in a small village can
attend lectures from world-famous universities.
Also, students with disabilities benefit greatly. For example, screen readers help blind
students read, and subtitles help deaf students watch videos.
Challenges We Must Address
While technology has many benefits, there are a few challenges:
Digital Divide: Not everyone has access to smartphones, laptops, or good internet.
Distractions: Students can get distracted by social media or games during online classes.
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Lack of Face-to-Face Interaction: Online learning cannot fully replace the emotional
connection and discipline of traditional classrooms.
The Road Ahead
Technology is not a magic wand, but it is a powerful tool. If used correctly, it can transform
education, making it more inclusive, efficient, and enjoyable.
As university students, we should embrace technology smartly. Use it to enhance learning,
not to escape it. Balance screen time, engage in real discussions, and never stop being
curious.
In Conclusion
Education and technology together are like a perfect team. One gives purpose, the other
provides power. When combined, they help students become independent thinkers,
problem-solvers, and global citizens.
(2) Youth Power.
Ans: Imagine a bright morning in a college campus. Students are walking around with books
in their hands, discussing ideas, dreaming about the future, and trying to figure out how to
bring change in their own ways. That energy, that spirit this is Youth Power.
What is Youth Power?
Youth power means the strength, energy, creativity, and passion that young people have.
It's the ability of the youth to shape the future of a country with their fresh ideas, fearless
attitude, and willingness to change things for the better.
Youth are not just "tomorrow's leaders" they are today's force. Whether it's in education,
politics, science, technology, or social work, youth play a crucial role in developing a nation.
A Story to Understand Youth Power
Lets take a short story.
In a small town, there was a school that lacked clean drinking water. No one cared for years.
But one day, a group of college students decided to act. They raised funds, contacted NGOs,
and brought in a water purifier for the school. Within weeks, the problem was solved.
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Now imagine this same energy at a national level when millions of young people join
hands for a cause that is the true Power of Youth.
Characteristics of Youth Power
Energy & Enthusiasm
Youth have tremendous energy. They are physically active and mentally sharp. This energy
can build nations or, if misguided, cause harm. Thats why channeling youth power in the
right direction is important.
Creative Thinking
Young minds are full of new ideas. Unlike older generations, they are not afraid to question
old ways or try something different. This innovation is what drives progress.
Courage to Take Risks
Youth often take bold decisions. From starting startups to joining protests for justice they
dare to act.
Desire for Change
Young people want a better world. They are not satisfied with injustice, poverty, or
corruption. They believe they can change things and thats where real power lies.
Role of Youth in Society
In Nation-Building
History has shown that revolutions and changes were mostly led by youth. The Indian
freedom struggle had young heroes like Bhagat Singh, who sacrificed his life for the country.
Today, youth can fight against unemployment, inequality, and environmental problems.
In Technology & Innovation
Think about tech giants like Facebook and Apple they were started by young people. This
shows how youth can create jobs, not just seek them.
In Politics and Leadership
Youth must participate in politics to ensure honest leadership. Todays corrupt systems can
only be cleaned if educated youth step into leadership roles.
In Social Services
Youth often join NGOs, awareness campaigns, blood donation drives, etc. Their enthusiasm
can solve many social problems if used well.
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Challenges Facing Youth Power
But all is not perfect. Youth today face several issues:
Unemployment Even after good education, many struggle to find jobs.
Drug Abuse & Distractions Many fall into bad habits due to peer pressure or lack of
guidance.
Lack of Opportunities Not every talented youth gets the chance to show their potential.
Political Manipulation Some leaders use youth only for rallies or votes, not giving them
real power.
What Can Be Done?
Better Education & Skill Training
Education should focus on real-world skills, not just rote learning.
More Youth Programs & Startups
Governments and private sectors should support youth with funding, mentorship, and
opportunities.
Encouraging Leadership at a Young Age
Colleges should promote leadership roles student unions, debate clubs, projects to
build confidence.
Positive Media & Role Models
Show stories of young achievers in media to inspire others.
Final Thoughts
Youth power is like fire it can light up the world or burn it down. The choice depends on
how we use it. As university students, you are not just reading books or writing exams. You
are future doctors, engineers, artists, teachers, leaders the very foundation of tomorrow.
So ask yourself what will I do with my youth?
Because when youth rise, nations shine.
(B) Put the verb into correct form:
(1) I'd be very scared if somebody ________ (point) a gun at me.
(2) Don't lend Amy your car. If she._______ (ask) me, I wouldn't lend her mine
(3) If the computer factory closed down, many people________ (lose) their jobs.
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(4) I don't think Gary and Emma will get married. I ______ (be) amazed if they did.
(5) I can't afford to buy a car. If I ______ (buy) a car . I'd have to borrow the money.
Ans:1. I'd be very scared if somebody pointed a gun at me.
2. Don't lend Amy your car. If she asked me, I wouldn't lend her mine.
3. If the computer factory closed down, many people would lose their jobs.
4. I don't think Gary and Emma will get married. I would be amazed if they did.
5. I can't afford to buy a car. If I bought a car, I'd have to borrow the money.
SECTION-C
V. Write a character sketch of Iona Potapov.
Ans: Imagine a snowy winter night in Russia. The streets are cold and silent. In the middle of
this chilling atmosphere, a poor, old man named Iona Potapov sits on a sleigh, waiting for
passengers. He is the central character of Anton Chekhovs heart-touching short story
Misery. Through Iona, Chekhov paints a powerful picture of human loneliness, grief, and
the desperate need to be heard. Iona may appear to be just an ordinary cabman (horse
carriage driver), but his character goes deep into the human soul.
Let us now understand who Iona Potapov is, and what makes his character so memorable
and moving.
1. A Simple, Poor Man
Iona is a poor Russian cabman. His job is to drive a horse-drawn sleigh through the streets of
St. Petersburg. He earns his livelihood by giving people rides. Life has always been tough for
him. His clothes are ragged, his body is weak, and he seems like he is fading into the
background of the city. People see him as just another old man on the street. But theres
something important that they dont see Iona is broken inside.
2. A Father in Deep Grief
What breaks Ionas heart is the death of his son. His son has recently died after an illness.
Iona is shattered. He is not just sad he is carrying unbearable emotional pain. But here is
the tragedy: no one wants to listen to him. He wants to talk about his son. He wants to
share the weight of his grief. But the world is too busy, too cold, and too uncaring.
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Think about this: When someone you love dies, dont you feel the need to talk about them?
To remember them with someone? Thats exactly what Iona wants. But no one gives him
that chance.
3. Desperately Seeking Someone to Listen
All through the story, Iona meets different people a military officer, three drunken men,
and a young man. He tries to talk to each of them about his son. But they are either in a
hurry or just dont care. One of them even yells at him for being slow. Another jokes around
and ignores his pain. Ionas heart is crying silently, but the world around him is deaf to his
suffering.
This part of the story shows a very important truth about human nature: People often fail to
notice the pain of others. In Ionas world, no one has the time or empathy to understand
him. He is invisible to them, even though he is suffering so deeply.
Kind Heart 4. A Man with a
Even though the world is unkind to him, Iona never gets angry. He doesnt shout, doesnt
argue. He quietly accepts the rudeness and moves on. This shows that Iona is a man of
gentle and kind nature. He carries his grief with dignity. He doesnt seek revenge; he only
wants someone to talk to.
5. His Only Companion The Horse
At the end of the story, we see something deeply touching. When no human is ready to
listen to him, Iona finally talks to his horse. He tells the horse about his son how he died,
how he suffered, and how empty life feels now.
This moment is symbolic. It shows the depth of Ionas loneliness. A human being, full of
pain, ends up talking to an animal because there is no one else. Its not just sad; its a
powerful message about how society often ignores the emotional needs of the elderly, the
poor, and the suffering.
Conclusion: A Symbol of Human Misery
Iona Potapov is not just a character; he represents millions of lonely souls around the world.
He is a father who has lost his son, a man ignored by society, and a symbol of the emotional
isolation many people face. Chekhov, through Iona, gives us a message: We must learn to
listen, to care, and to see the pain hidden behind someones silent eyes.
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Ionas story is simple, but it carries profound emotions. His character teaches us empathy,
the importance of human connection, and the tragedy of emotional neglect. He remains
one of the most heart-breaking yet meaningful characters in modern literature.
VI. Write an essay on criticism of social system and social customs in the story The Shroud.
Ans: Munshi Premchand, one of Indias greatest writers, is known for his realistic portrayal
of Indian rural life. In his short story "The Shroud" (Kafan), he presents a powerful and
emotional criticism of the Indian social system and its deeply rooted customs. The story
explores the themes of poverty, inequality, hypocrisy of religious and social customs, and
the failure of society to uplift the marginalized.
To understand the depth of this story, lets enter the world of Ghisu and Madhavthe main
charactersand see how their lives reflect the cracks in the Indian social structure.
The Story at a Glance
The Shroud tells the story of a father and son duoGhisu and Madhavwho belong to the
lower caste and live in extreme poverty. They are landless laborers but avoid work due to
laziness and hopelessness. Their poverty is not just economic but also social and
psychological. They are trapped in a life of hunger, neglect, and disrespect.
Madhav's wife, Budhiya, is pregnant and seriously ill. But instead of helping her or seeking
medical attention, the two men sit outside the hut by the fire, indifferent to her pain.
Eventually, Budhiya dies during childbirth. Shocked at first, Ghisu and Madhav cry and wail,
not out of love but because they fear what society will say. They now need money to
perform her funeral rites and buy a kafan (shroud) to cover her body.
They go begging in the village, and to their surprise, people give them money out of
sympathy. But instead of buying the shroud, Ghisu and Madhav use the money to eat and
drink at a liquor shop. They justify their actions with twisted logic: Whats the point of
covering a dead body when the living are still suffering?
This shocking yet tragic ending forces the reader to reflect on deeper issueshow poverty
can erode human values, how social customs can become meaningless, and how society
itself plays a role in sustaining this tragic cycle.
Criticism of Social System in The Shroud
Lets now explore how The Shroud criticizes different aspects of the social system.
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1. Extreme Poverty and Its Effects
Ghisu and Madhavs condition reflects the reality of millions in Indias lower caste and lower
class communities. They are poor not just because they are lazyas some may arguebut
because the system never gave them a fair chance. They have no land, no stable job, and no
respect in society.
Example:
Even when they do want to work, no one trusts them. Society labels them as "useless," and
this pushes them deeper into their hopeless state. Its a vicious cycle of poverty and social
rejection.
2. The Caste System and Class Divide
Though not openly mentioned, the story hints at the caste system. Ghisu and Madhav
belong to a so-called "lower caste," and this reflects in how they are treated. People dont
see them as full human beings with feelings; they are only remembered when theres work
to be doneor when someone dies.
Reflection:
Premchand shows that caste and class are closely tied. These characters are born into
suffering and die in suffering, and no one tries to change this reality.
3. Hypocrisy of Religious and Funeral Customs
The funeral customs, which are supposed to show respect for the dead, are exposed as
meaningless rituals. Society gives Ghisu and Madhav money for a shroud, but they spend it
on food and alcohol. Strangely, the reader cannot fully blame them.
Why?
Because Premchand wants us to ask: What is more importanthonoring a dead body or
feeding two living souls who have suffered all their lives?
The shroud becomes a symbol of societys fake morality. People give money to look good
and fulfill their "duty," but no one ever helped Budhiya when she was alive and in pain.
4. Lack of Compassion and Real Help
The story shows that society only reacts after a tragedy. When Budhiya was alive and
suffering, nobody came to help her. But once she dies, people are eager to donate for her
funeral.
Criticism:
Premchand is pointing out a real flaw: we are more concerned about rituals and
appearances than real kindness or compassion.
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Powerful Symbolism in the Story
The Shroud (Kafan):
Symbol of false morality and the emptiness of social rituals.
The Fire (Bonfire):
Symbol of the warmth that the living need, contrasting with the cold customs for the dead.
Liquor and Food:
Represent the hunger and suffering of the living, which society always ignores.
Premchands Message
Through this powerful and disturbing story, Premchand is not just blaming Ghisu and
Madhav for their actions. He is blaming the systema system that creates inequality,
neglects the poor, and worships dead customs instead of helping the living.
He asks us to think:
Why are people forced to live like this?
What is the use of customs that do not bring real comfort?
Is it better to honor the dead with cloth or feed the hungry with love?
Conclusion
The Shroud is not just a story of two poor men. It is the story of millions who suffer silently
in the name of fate, caste, and customs. It forces us to question the social system, the
economic divide, and the religious hypocrisy that exists even today.
Premchands genius lies in telling a simple story that touches the deepest parts of our
conscience. He makes us uncomfortablebut only so that we can become better human
beings and build a more just society.
SECTION-D
VII. What common points between the miser and the spendthrift does the author point
out?
Ans: The Tale of Ram and Shyam: A Miser and a Spendthrift
In a small village lived two men: Ram and Shyam. Ram was a miser he was so careful with
money that he wouldn't even light an oil lamp at night to save oil. He wore torn clothes, ate
stale food, and kept counting his coins again and again. On the other side of the village lived
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Shyam, a spendthrift. He loved to show off. He spent all his earnings on new clothes, parties,
and expensive gadgets. At the end of every month, he had nothing left.
The villagers would laugh at both of them. "Ram is too tight-fisted. He has so much but lives
like a beggar," they said. About Shyam, they said, "He spends like a king but borrows like a
pauper." While they appeared to be opposites, they had more in common than they
realized.
And thats where the authors point comes in.
Understanding the Two Extremes: Miser vs Spendthrift
Before we dive into the common points, lets first understand what each of these terms
really means.
Miser: A person who hoards money and avoids spending, even when necessary. Misers
often deprive themselves and others of basic comforts, driven by the fear of losing money.
Spendthrift: A person who spends money carelessly and wastefully. They often live beyond
their means and ignore the value of savings and planning.
You might think that a miser and a spendthrift are completely different. After all, one never
spends money, and the other spends too much! But heres the twist: both are ruled by
money.
The Common Points Between a Miser and a Spendthrift
According to many thinkers and authors especially those with philosophical or moral
insights the miser and the spendthrift, despite appearing opposite, share some deep
similarities.
Lets explore these common points one by one.
1. Both Are Slaves to Money
Think of money like a powerful king. A wise man uses money as his servant he makes it
work for him. But both the miser and the spendthrift become slaves to money.
The miser is obsessed with keeping his money. He serves money by guarding it, never using
it.
The spendthrift is obsessed with using money to gain pleasure, status, or fun but
money still controls his actions.
In both cases, money becomes the master. Neither of them controls money with wisdom.
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2. Lack of Balance and Wisdom
Both characters lack moderation. One goes to the extreme of not spending at all, while the
other goes to the extreme of spending recklessly. True wisdom lies in balance.
For example, a balanced person:
Saves for the future,
Spends on needs and a few comforts,
Helps others in need, and
Plans financially with discipline.
Neither the miser nor the spendthrift follows this balanced approach. Their decisions are
based on emotion or fear, not wisdom.
3. Both Fail to Enjoy Life Properly
Yes, you read that right. Both suffer, though in different ways.
The miser may have wealth, but he does not enjoy it. He denies himself joy, comfort, and
sometimes even health.
The spendthrift enjoys temporarily but later suffers from debt, regret, and stress.
In both cases, happiness is missing. The miser fears losing money. The spendthrift fears
running out of money. Neither has peace of mind.
4. Both Harm Relationships
Lets go back to our story. Ram, the miser, had no friends because people felt
uncomfortable around him. He was too stingy to share. Shyam, the spendthrift, was popular
for a while, but when his money was gone, so were his friends. He even started borrowing
and hurting relationships.
So, both kinds of people often end up lonely and misunderstood. Money, instead of
becoming a tool for connection and generosity, becomes a barrier.
5. Both Have a Wrong Attitude Towards Money
The key issue is not money itself, but the attitude.
The miser sees money as something sacred that must never be touched.
The spendthrift sees money as something meant to be spent without thought.
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In both cases, there is a misunderstanding of the purpose of wealth. Money is a means to an
end, not the end itself. It is meant to provide security, comfort, and opportunity, but not to
become the center of life.
6. Both Live in Fear
Oddly enough, both are driven by fear:
The miser fears poverty, even if he has more than enough.
The spendthrift fears judgment or wants to escape pain, so he spends to feel good or
impress others.
So fear not logic or wisdom drives both types of people.
Conclusion: What Should We Learn?
The author wants us to look beyond appearances. Though a miser and a spendthrift look like
opposites, both waste the true value of money.
The best way is the middle path a life of wise spending, thoughtful saving, and purposeful
living. Just like how a well-tuned musical instrument sounds perfect, a balanced financial life
leads to inner peace and lasting happiness.
So next time you see a miser or a spendthrift, dont just laugh. Understand that both are
warning signs of what happens when money controls us instead of us controlling money.
Moral of the Story
Money is like water. If you store it all, it becomes stale and unusable. If you let it flow
carelessly, it dries up too soon. But if you channel it wisely, it nourishes life.
Be neither Ram nor Shyam. Be someone wiser someone who respects money, uses it
well, and never lets it become your master.
VIII. What does the declaration say about marriage and family?
Ans: Imagine a world where every person is treated with respect, love, and fairness. A world
where people can live happily, form relationships, and raise families in peace. This ideal
world is the vision that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) tries to promote.
Created in 1948 by the United Nations, just after the horrors of World War II, the UDHR was
like a promise made by countries all over the world to protect the dignity of every human
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being. Among its many important messages, one of the most heart-touching and meaningful
is what it says about marriage and family.
Now, lets go step by step, like a story, and understand what exactly the Declaration says
and what it means for us.
1. Family is the Foundation of Society (Article 16)
Lets begin with a beautiful thought.
The UDHR, in Article 16, says:
The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to
protection by society and the State.
Think of a family as the roots of a tree. A tree grows tall and strong only when its roots are
healthy and firm. In the same way, a healthy society can grow only when families are strong
and supported.
Whether its a small family of two or a big joint family of ten, the idea is the same family
is the first place where love, care, and moral values are taught. Its where a child learns right
from wrong, where elders are respected, and where members support each other in times
of trouble.
Thats why the Declaration says that governments must protect families, not just in terms of
money or food, but also through laws, safety, and equal rights.
2. Right to Marry and Start a Family
The Declaration doesnt stop there. It goes on to say that:
Men and women of full age... have the right to marry and to found a family.
This means that every adult man and woman has the freedom to choose to get married. No
one can be forced into marriage. It must be a free choice of both individuals.
Lets understand with an example:
Imagine Rani and Aman are two adults in love. According to the UDHR, they have the right
to marry if they want to and no one, not even family or society, should force them into or
out of marriage.
In some parts of the world, child marriages or forced marriages still happen. But such
practices are against the UDHR. Marriage is considered a serious life decision, and it must be
based on free will, maturity, and mutual understanding.
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3. Equal Rights in Marriage
The Declaration also says:
They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
Lets break that down simply.
Before marriage: Both man and woman should have equal freedom to agree or say no.
During marriage: They should be treated equally whether its about work, decisions,
property, or parenting.
At the end of marriage (if it happens): Even during divorce, both must be treated with
respect and fairness. For example, decisions about child custody, property, or support must
be equal and just.
Its not about one person ruling the other. Its about partnership, teamwork, and balance.
Marriage, in the eyes of the UDHR, is not ownership, but a relationship based on love,
respect, and equality.
4. Protection of Family by Society and State
The Declaration doesnt just stop at giving rights. It also says that families must be protected
by the law.
What does that mean?
Governments must make laws that prevent domestic violence, child abuse, or neglect.
Families in need must get help for example, maternity benefits, childcare support, or
housing.
Orphans, widows, and poor families should get social welfare.
So, if a single mother is struggling to raise her child, the State must help. If a family is living
in dangerous conditions, the government must provide safety.
This is because families are not just private matters. They are part of a bigger system
society. If one family breaks down, it affects the whole tree of society.
Why is This Important for University Students to Know?
As young adults, students are at the stage where they begin to form their own ideas about
relationships, love, and marriage. Understanding what the UDHR says about marriage and
family helps in many ways:
It teaches respect for others choices, for equality, and for the right to say no.
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It promotes awareness so students can recognize unfair practices like forced marriage or
gender inequality.
It shapes future families students today will be parents tomorrow. Knowing their rights
and responsibilities helps them build strong, happy families.
Conclusion: Love, Respect, and Freedom
In short, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights sees marriage and family not as private
deals, but as social treasures. Marriage should be based on free will and equality, and
families must be protected and respected by the law.
This isnt just legal talk its about real people, real relationships, and real lives. Whether
youre single, dating, married, or planning for the future, these rights are there for you to
protect your dignity, your freedom, and your family.
So let us remember:
Strong families build a strong society. And strong societies build a peaceful world.
This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any mistakes or
have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.
